Medical Student Finals Question Bank

The presence of a positive Pneumocystis jirovecii antibody is indicative of HIV infection, which can lead to opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the rarest and most aggressive form of thyroid cancer, with a very poor prognosis. Despite aggressive treatment such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the majority of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer will have a poor outcome with a median survival of less than 6 months.

This patient presents with signs and symptoms consistent with decompensated heart failure, specifically with a reduced ejection fraction. The examination findings and elevated B-type natriuretic peptide level support this diagnosis. Diuretics are the mainstay of treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as they help to remove excess fluid and reduce symptoms such as oedema and shortness of breath. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and ivabradine have also been shown to improve mortality in heart failure, but diuretics should be initiated first to alleviate symptoms.

Macular degeneration is a progressive disease of the retina that causes loss of central vision and affects the macula, the part of the eye responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It is a common cause of vision loss in the elderly and is often painless.

MCL is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is characterized by the presence of an abnormal clone of B-cell lymphocytes. The cells in MCL are typically positive for CD5 and CD20, but negative for CD23.

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition characterized by a tear in the inner lining of the aorta, which can cause blood to flow into the aortic wall, leading to separation of the layers and formation of a false lumen. This can cause chest pain and dyspnea, as well as a widened mediastinum on chest x-ray.

Asthma exacerbation is characterized by bronchospasm and bronchoconstriction which can cause shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightness. The most appropriate first-line therapy for this patient's asthma exacerbation would be bronchodilators which provide quick relief of symptoms by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscle.

The patient's euvolemic state and low urine osmolality suggest that her hyponatremia is likely due to excessive water intake (polydipsia) and dilutional effect of psychogenic polydipsia. Cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome are associated with hypervolemia, while adrenal insufficiency would produce hypovolaemia. SIADH would produce urine with high osmolality.

Damage or irritation of C6 root can cause numbness and tingling in the thumb and index finger.

Alcohol abuse is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 80% of cases. Gallstones and hereditary genetic mutations are also causes, but less common.

The patient's symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath, as well as the ST elevation seen in leads V1-V4 on the ECG, and elevated cardiac enzymes (troponin) are indicative of an anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Epiglottitis is a severe, rapidly progressive inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues that can cause stridor, hoarseness, and a sore throat. It is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. The other options are not typically associated with stridor.

Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for around 80% of cases.

t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups, either independent or paired. It's used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

Early diastolic are caused by aortic regurgitation.